Results are presented separately for (a) average buffering . Atropine sulphate potentiates this stimulatory effect of alkaline solutions in the duodenum probably by inhibiting acid secretion by the residual stomach. 1. The repeated fluoroscopic examinations, directly after placing the capsule and on the following morning, verifying the exact location, are among the strengths of the present study. Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease using the BRAVO capsule pH system. (b) Why is this necessary? In whag ways does this protect the duodenum? Sofi AA, Filipiak C, Sodeman T, Ahmad U, Nawras A, Daboul I. The duodenum received its name due to its size. Traditional vs wireless intragastric pH monitoring: are the two techniques comparable? Furthermore, DS has been described as an operation of choice for pathologic transpyloric duodenogastric reflux [23]. Published 2021 Jul 9. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v10.i4.53, Owen DR, Owen DA. Explain the relationship between the diaphragm and the gastroesophageal sphincter. Other types of bacterial infection may cause inflammation too. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Percentage of time with pH < 4 was 70.0 (19.9-92.0) and 13.0 (0.0-34.6) pre and postpylorically, demonstrating a large buffering effect. Arch Pathol Lab Med. The duodenal lumen is exposed to aggressive factors with a high potential to cause damage to the mucosa. 1 Approved Answer. c. How do they produce those secretions? Can you name the specific cranial nerve that serves this region and the part of the nervous system to which it belongs? Comparison of esophageal placement of BRAVO capsule system under direct endoscopic guidance with conventional placement method. What does the "buffering effect" mean? Why doesn't gastric juice normally digest the duodenum? Conclusion: By this wireless pH-metric technique, we could demonstrate that the duodenal bulb had a large buffering effect, thus counteracting the large amount of gastric acid passing into the small bowel after duodenal switch. Ignore the environment of the stomach. National Institutes of Health. Use of SMAF-1 and/or SMAF-2 proteins, or functional derivatives thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases mediated by type 1, type 2 or type 3 responses. How would damage to the vagus nerve impact the digestive process? Describe how the histology of the stomach is unique and the reason for this adaptation. What is the function of bicarbonate in the duodenum? The pH of the stomach is very low. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Methods High protein meals thus stimulate much acid secretion by the gastric mucosa and also buffer the acid secreted. Explain the stimulatory and inhibitory events/activities that can influence the activity of the stomach and intestines. Explain the relationship between the diaphragm and the gastroesophageal sphincter. The connection of stomach and its acid-producing mucosa to the small bowel can result in marginal ulcers, an ulcer situated just distal to the anastomosis. 1974 Nov;50(589):683-8. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library, What is the Small Intestine? Surgical approaches to obesity. What is peristalsis and how is it used in digestion? Explain how the body overcomes the problem of lipid digestion in the alimentary canal. Symptomatic marginal ulcer disease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: incidence, risk factors and management. The possibility for patients to continue with their ordinary life, without having nasogastric catheters, and the possibility to perform detailed measurements, for example before and after meals have been favorable with the present technique. Using too many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, like aspirin or ibuprofen can cause ulcers, bleeding, and duodenitis. Duodenal atresia also causes intestinal obstruction in newborns. Sal has a duodenal ulcer and infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Buffering effect is quantified as the slope of the relationship between internal forest temperature and external temperature, with low values representing strong buffering effects. Dr. Lorraine tells him that the, Dr. Lorraine also explains to Mr. Volpe that. Endoscopic images representing capsules in place at the pre and postpyloric site, Confirmation by fluoroscopy after placement of the two Bravo capsules and a typical pH curve. Barlow AP, Hinder RA, DeMeester TR, Fuchs K. Twenty-four-hour gastric luminal pH in normal subjects: influence of probe position, food, posture, and duodenogastric reflux. Bicarbonate secretion by the duodenal mucosa is accepted as the primary important defense mechanism against the hydrochloric acid intermittently expelled from the stomach. Explain the functions associated with the low pH environment of the stomach. Ingestion of food increases the intragastric pH as a result of the buffering effect, usually returning to baseline after 2h. We could verify the change in intragastric pH during meals, and in addition, we could demonstrate an increase in postpyloric pH, probably occurring due to increased buffering of ingested food passing into the duodenal bulb. Time of registration, pH, mean percentage of time with pH<4 and difference in pH before and during meals were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test. The lumen of the duodenum secretes bicarbonate to protect against the HCl in the chyme going through the duodenum. We'll also test the biopsy for cancer because of your family history. What roles does the pancreas play in digestion? BRAVO capsule placement in the gastric cardia: a novel method for analysis of proximal stomach acid environment. d. How is gastric secretion and motility regulated by the GI tract, nervous system, and endocrine system? Why doesn't gastric juice normally digest the duodenum? In your answer be sure to describe the path that bile takes after leaving the liver. 7. (b) Describe two of its secretions. What is the buffering effect? During fasting, pH is <4 most of the time in a healthy stomach. stockport makers market; cuadernillo de actividades para preescolar 2 pdf gratis; how to use marzipan almond candy dough; what simple machine is a stapler; casa grande mugshots; What is the importance of emulsification in lipid digestion? How do secretin and cholecystokinin inhibit the stomach? Explain the action of medications in the treatment of ulcers. How does the duodenum accomplish this, and in what way does this protect the duodenum? Advanced search In what ways does this protect the duodenum? The American Journal of Digestive Diseases 2 , 288-293 ( 1935) Cite this article. The duodenum precedes the jejunum 3) Jayaraj A P, Tovey F I, Lewin M R, Clark C G.Duodenal ulcer prevalence: Experimental evidence for the possible role of dietary lipids. Become a member and. (a) Define lower esophageal sphincter. What are the characteristics of digestive enzymes? We have used the wireless BRAVO system to study the buffering effect of the duodenal bulb in duodenal switch (DS), a procedure in which the gastric sleeve produces a substantial amount of acid. In what ways does this protect the duodenum? American Cancer Society. (b) What is its function? d. How is gastric secretion and motility regulated by the GI tract, nervous system, and endocrine system? Dec 04 2021 10:11 AM. How does the duodenum accomplish this, and in what way does this protect the duodenum? veritas plunge base for rotary tools; pillsbury banana quick bread mix recipes. Comments (0) Answer & Explanation. The alkaline mucus coats the duodenal mucosa while the alkaline secretions of the pancreas neutralize the acidic chyme. Why does the digestion of fatty acids occur in the small intestine and not in the stomach? Comparison of gastric body and antral pH: a 24hour ambulatory study in healthy volunteers. Explain how the body overcomes the problem of lipid digestion in the alimentary canal. a firm and chewy baked product contains gluten; is chuck drummond still alive; homes for rent by owner in calumet city, il; houma news live; did adam bowles leave kthv What effect would cutting the vagus nerve branch that innervates the stomach have on gastric function? It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine.Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion. NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), a class of pain medications such as Advil (ibuprofen) can lead to inflammation with long-term use. Gastric acid is known to cause marginal ulcers, situated in the small bowel just distal to the upper anastomosis. Duodenitis is curable in most cases, though, in some instances may become a chronic condition. (b) What is its function? All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. How does the duodenum accomplish this? It's an especially effective treatment in cases caused by H. pylori infection. government site. Initially, the protons produced will be taken up by the conjugate base (A-^\text{-}-start . What does she mean by the "buffering effect?" How does the duodenum accomplish this, and in what way does this protect the duodenum? Explain in terms of the anatomy of the digestive system. Explain the functions associated with the low pH environment of the stomach. The continuous adherent mucus layer is also a barrier to luminal pepsin, thereby protecting the underlying mucosa from proteolytic digestion. What effect does pH have on protein digestion with pepsin? We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The site is secure. It involves complete closure of a portion of the tube-like opening, or lumen, inside the duodenum. Luminal lavage of the donor intestine was attempted in the 1990 s but later abandoned due to . It will not necessarily work this way, however, because the output is buffered. The bowel was then stored in 30 ml of intestine solution and stored on ice in a 4 C incubator. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. National Library of Medicine 2.1 Life Events. StatPearls. The duodenal mucosa consists of epithelial cells connected by low-resistance tight junctions, forming a leaky epithelial barrier. All bariatric procedures have side effects because of major changes in gastrointestinal physiology. Moreover, intragastric and duodenal pH monitoring has been implemented with BRAVO system with good reliability and promising results [1117]. They also have no inhibitory effect on pepsin activity. This physiologic effect could explain the low incidence of stomal ulcers. The buffering effect of the 'duodenum' is the way mucus can neutralize the pH of the duodenum even after addition of the acidic chyme. b. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Mongolian gerbils develop duodenal ulcer after H pylori infection5. Aetiology of duodenal ulcer: an investigation into the buffering action and effect on pepsin of bran and unrefined carbohydrate foods . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help IntroductionBariatric procedures result in massive weight loss, however, not without side effects. The buffering effect is referring to the mucus that protects the duodenum from chime. Energy source the body uses when it produces ketones is fat. The duodenum has several mechanisms that allow it to counteract highly acidic stomachs. The buffering power of meals also depends on their protein con-tent. Antagonists of Mammalian Sterile 20-like kinase (MST) 1 for use in the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases, in particular diabetes and obesity are described. Meanwhile, water, bile salts, vitamin B12, and the remaining nutrients are absorbed in the ileum. What are the physiological implications of a gastrointestinal bypass? Gastric acid is known to cause marginal ulcers,. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. This involves passing a small tube with a small camera through your mouth and into your stomach. in what way does this protect the duodenum? In this article. Duodenal mucosal mechanisms of protection The duodenum is the most proximal part of the small intestine, into which the stom-ach intermittently expels chyme with a high concentration of HCl. In order to understand the disease in Mr. Volpe's alimentary canal, one must know the layers that make up its walls. 12 After blocking, slides were incubated overnight at 4C with monoclonal antibodies against zonula occludens (ZO-1; 1:100, Invitrogen AB, Liding . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. What does it effect? Sherry Christiansen is a medical writer with a healthcare background. In collaboration with physiologist W. M. Bayliss, English physician E. H. Starling discovered secretin in 1902. H. pylori impairs the normal buffering effect in this patient's duodenum. (a) Why proteases are secreted in an inactive state? When he eats, he tells Dr. Lorraine, the pain goes away, but then he feels bloated and a little nauseated. All patients were free of abdominal symptoms and medication, except one patient in whom PPI-treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux was discontinued 2weeks before the study. How do the ion and nitrogenous waste concentrations affect water movement? A condition affecting the duodenum may not result in any symptoms at all. 1. Schematic drawing of duodenal switch (DS) with marked positions for the two Bravo capsules. The duodenum acts as a barrier to prevent harmful microbes from entering the body. He describes his pain as gnawing, burning (maybe a 4 out of 10 on a pain scale) and points to the epigastric region of his abdomen. (a) Define pyloric sphincter. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal -decrease total fat intake. Question: What is the "buffering effect" how does the duodenum accomplish this, where do the buffering sevretions come from? Hess T, Hahn EG, Konturek PC. (a) Define lower esophageal sphincter. This large secretion in the empty stomach without the buffering effect of food makes the gastric content very corrosive and, when it is hurried onward into the duodenum by the gastric hypermotility, produces the chronic progressive ulcer in the less resistant duodenal mucosa. For example, a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) can be done to treat duodenal and pancreatic cancer. Symptoms such as discomfort or a burning sensation in the abdominal region may be present. Explain how the enteric nervous system supports the digestive system. What controls secretions in the GI tract? Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Bariatric surgery, Duodenal switch, Marginal ulcer, pH-metry. No correlation was seen to the measured pH levels. Explain why pancreatic lipase would be active in both the mouth and the intestines. But, I really think we're dealing with an ulcer here and not cancer. It's a complex procedure, with side effects that include digestive problems and bowel habit changes. Describe the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related diseases. Explain the digestive processing and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, and water. Hess DS, Hess DW, Oakley RS. (b) Why is this necessary? What is the "buffering effect" how does . Accessibility Four-day continuous gastric pH monitoring following anti-acid secretory drug administration: cross-over test to assess the early effects. It is located below the stomach. What is the normal function of histamine in the stomach and how might this help Mr. Volpe's hyperacidity problem? The aim of the present study was to study the acidity above and below the duodenoileostomy in DS by measuring pre- and postpyloric pH during 24h of normal activity. Duodenum: Anatomy, Location, and Function. Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is secreted in the pancreas to help aid in digestion. b. High protein meals thus stimulate much acid secretion by the gastric mucosa and also buffer the acid secreted. What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on digestive functions? and transmitted securely. Effects of sham feeding and a meal on plasma gastrin and duodenal pH in normal and duodenal ulcer patients. How does the duodenum accomplish buffering and how does the buffering protect the duodenum? Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium infecting half of the world's population. (a) Explain why this surgery would h. How does the parasympathetic system influence the intestinal system? Mean pH pre and postpylorically was calculated during the whole time of registration for each patient. There was no significant difference in registration time pre- and postpylorically (17.2 vs. 23.1, p=0.36). When using separate receivers for each capsule, registration times of up to 48h onto the gastric wall has been demonstrated [12], as well as up to 4days in the esophagus with two receivers consecutively calibrated to the same capsule [20]. 1Department of Surgical Science, Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden, 2Gvle county Hospital, 801 88 Gvle, Sweden, 3Department of Medical Science, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. The duodenum submucosal glands secret large amount of mucus and urogastrone. These secretions protect the duodenum against autodigestion by gastric acids that can cause duodenal ulcers. See full answer below. The ileum is the distal end of the small intestine that opens into the large intestine. Having such a resource contributes to adjustment because persons are less affected by negative life events. a) How is the pancreas utilized in the digestive tract? what is a needs assessment in education; Hola mundo! Which of these would have the most severe effect on digestion: surgical removal of the stomach, gallbladder, or pancreas? duodenal ulcer. ROOPAM S answered on December 06, 2021. How do secretin and cholecystokinin inhibit the stomach? Collectivelyin addition to the esophagusthe stomach, large intestine, and accessory organs (such as the liver and pancreas), along with the duodenum and the other two sections of the small intestine, form what is commonly referred to as the GI tract. What is the purpose of the bicarbonate in the duodenum? What is the role of salivary amylase and pancreatic lipase? Why is bicarbonate in the duodenum necessary? Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, small intestine. A change in diet did not seem to help and pharmaceuticals only provided temporary relief. CoherenceH pylori causes antral gastritis and excessive acid production. Gastric acid is known to cause marginal ulcers, situated in the small bowel just distal to the upper anastomosis. Where do the buffering H. pylori impairs the normal buffering effect in this patient's duodenum. What is GERD? A novel placement method of the BRAVO wireless pH monitoring capsule for measuring intragastric pH. Describe how bile and pancreatic juice secretion into the small intestine are regulated. Patients were asked to eat and drink at their leisure, and to register their meals for the next 24h. All capsules but one could be successfully placed, without complications. Although the large gastric remnant in DS results in high acidity (68.7% of the time with pH<4), the alkaline mucus produced by the Brunners glands, located in the first few centimeters of the duodenum, manages to keep the pH in the small bowel on almost the same level as in RYGBP. The duodenum is a key organ in the gastrointestinal (GI) system because it helps break down nutrients from food to make them available for absorption into the bloodstream. Although conventional placement of the BRAVO-capsule is done after removal of the endoscope, we used direct endoscopic guidance to place the two capsules. No complications occurred, nor were any complications reported during the pH-registration. Describe how blocked bile ducts would adversely affect digestion. What is the meaning of this? What effect does pH have on protein digestion with pepsin? Dr. Lorraine explains to Sal, "Mr. Volpe, you do not have stomach cancer, but you do have a duodenal ulcer caused by the H. pylori bacteria I was telling you about. Is sodium bicarbonate secreted into the duodenum? The mucus helps protect the duodenum because it contains bicarbonate ions that help raise the pH of chime. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 2018;142(1):35-43. doi:10.5858/arpa.2016-0608-RA. Which cells secrete bicarbonate in the duodenum? This physiologic effect could contribute to the low incidence of marginal ulcers. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. Over a length of only 25 cm, large volumes of strong acid secreted by the stomach must be converted to the neutral-alkaline chyme of the hindgut lumen, generating large volumes of CO 2.. The hypothesized model was tested using PROCESS macro. It starts where it meets the stomach and ends where it connects to the jejunum. (a) Explain how the stomach is protected from self-digestion. 4. 11 junio, 2020. We call this a biopsy. The mucus helps protect the duodenum because it contains bicarbonate ions that help raise the pH of chime. The duodenums C shape surrounds the pancreas, which provides it with pancreatic enzymes for digestion. Over a length of only 25 cm, large volumes of strong acid secreted by the stomach must be converted to the neutral-alkaline chyme of the hindgut lumen, generating large volumes of CO (2). Describe the transport of pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum. Explain why cells in the intestinal lumen have microvilli. To enhance passage through the pylorus, the soft tip of delivery system was grasped by an endoscopic snare. Before reviewing the literature on buffering effects for SWB, we present the concepts at hand, namely life events and buffering effects. Published by on 30 junio, 2022 What are the causes of peptic ulcer disease and how does it present? While chemical digestion begins in the mouth with saliva, food that is swallowed and travels down the esophagus into the stomach will then mix with gastric (stomach) acid. What role do normal microbiota play in protecting the GI tract from colonization by pathogens? Specific functions of the duodenum include: The duodenum contributes to other important digestive processes in the body. How does the duodenum accomplish this, and in what way does this protect the duodenum? We have used the wireless BRAVO system to study the buffering effect of the duodenal bulb in duodenal switch (DS), a procedure in which the gastric sleeve produces a substantial amount of acid. Contact your healthcare provider or seek medical care right away. The correct placement of the capsules was confirmed by fluoroscopy with patient lying in the supine position (Fig.(Fig.2).2). The duodenum precedes the jejunum GLP-1 effects are traditionally studied via either systemic or brain injections. Gastric ulcers on the other hand are usually caused by hypersecretion . This physiologic effect could explain the low incidence of stomal ulcers. Due to a complex connection between the duodenum and the accessory organs of digestion, such as the liver and pancreas,cancer cells are often seen at the same time in both the duodenum and pancreas, as well as the bile duct of the liver. Second, the remaining small bowel, carrying bile and pancreatic juice, is anastomosed 1m from the ileocecal valve, resulting in decreased uptake of ingested nutrients. Epithelial bicarbonate production, along with the overlying layer of mucus, provides a barrier to protect the mucosa from injury by luminal acid and pepsin. What are the means by which the stomach is protected from self-digestion? It's Friday morning and Sal Volpe is sitting in Dr. Lorraine's exam room, dozing after another night of disrupted sleep. In animals and humans the duodenal mucosa secretes bicarbonate. Over a length of only 25 cm, large volumes of strong acid secreted by the stomach must be converted to the neutral-alkaline chyme of the hindgut lumen, generating large volumes of CO (2). Once chyme arrives in the duodenum is it highly acidic from processing with gastric juice. What role does the gall bladder play in digestion? Small intestine: Learn the anatomy, structure, and functions of the small intestine. A kit comprising a non-radioactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the assay of bacterial adherence and anti-adherence with mucus and/or epithelial cells comprising a solid support having mucus and/or epithelial cells coated thereon, a sample comprising bacteria, a primary antibody specific for said bacteria, and a detectably labeled secondary antibody Large Buffering Effect of the Duodenal Bulb in Duodenal Switch: a Wireless pH-Metric Study . The difference in pH between the two locations was reduced from 3.55 before meals to 1.82 during meals, p<0.01 (Table (Table1,1, Fig. Why would this condition have wide-ranging effects on the abdominal cavity? c. How do they produce those secretions? The aim of the present study was to test whether the vitamin D-dependent Ca (2+)-binding protein calbindin-D9k could function as an important cytosolic Ca2+ buffer in duodenal enterocytes while facilitating transepithelial active transport of Ca2+ ions. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease may involve any of the following EXCEPT: a. decreased resistance of the mucosal barrier b. increased stimulation of pepsin and acid secretions c.. The lining of the duodenum is composed of four layers, each with its own specialized function. This physiologic HCO protects the mucosa from acid-related injury by a combination of luminal neutralization of H + and by buffering H + in the epithelial cells and possibly the interstitium. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Some of those mechanisms are large amounts of mucus and alkaline secretions, as well as water from the pancreas and gallbladder. That means it prevents histamine release. INTRODUCTION. Study the role that small intestine absorption plays in the digestive system. Suzuki T, Yamaguchi T, Odaka T, Kobayashi M, Seza A, Kouzu T, et al. It is unlikely that any possible protective action of wheat or rice bran or certain unrefined grains against peptic ulceration is due to any acid or pepsin lowering effect. (b) Describe the movement of the chyme through the small intestine. How does the duodenum accomplish this, and in what way does this protect the duodenum? The reduction of acidity of. Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Digestion. At the junction of the ileum and the first part of the A bispecific antibody, which comprises an IgG portion comprising a first antigen binding domain, and also comprises a second antigen binding domain, in which the C terminus of a heavy chain of the IgG portion binds to the second antigen binding domain either directly or via a linker, and which is selected from the group consisting of the following (i) and (ii): (i) a That means it prevents histamine release. a. hydrochloric acid b. pepsinogen c. pepsin. If there is bleeding from an ulcer, fresh or dried blood may appear in the vomit. What effect would this condition have on digestion? Describe the structure and function of the pancreas and the role of pancreatic juice in digestion. Explain the pathway of bile to the duodenum. The duodenal lumen is exposed to aggressive factors with a high potential to cause damage to the mucosa. For example, the duodenum is a common source of abdominal discomfort, with symptoms of indigestion, heartburn, and upper abdominal pain affecting approximately 25% of the population. Why doesn't the stomach normally digest itself? (a) What is parasympathetic control of digestion? It was clear that ocean water displayed a strong buffer system to counteract the effects of hydrogen ions dissociating in the solution. Why is it necessary for the stomach contents to be acidic? Why do most other types of bacteria not produce ulcers? Also, see the different parts of the small intestine using a diagram. A written consent was obtained from all participants. The duodenum can be separated into four segments. The medication Pepcid that Mr. Volpe took for partial relief of his dyspepsia is called an H2 (histamine) receptor antagonist, or H2 blocker. How could a peptic ulcer cause anemia or peritonitis? Duodenum is the first part of the small intestine which takes View the full answer Previous question Next question Digestion* Peptic Ulcer* or. Explain the release of intrinsic factor from the stomach, its function as it moves through the small intestine, and its absorption in the ileum. Describe and illustrate how the histological appearance of the mucosa changes from stomach to duodenum. BRAVO system to study the buffering effect of the duode- nal bulb in duodenal switch (DS), a procedure in which the gastric sleeve produces a substantial amount of acid. The physiological basis of this barrier function involves several factors and mechanisms. Explain how contraction of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle is intrinsically controlled. a transform fault is quizlet; chatfield reservoir fishing report; kenny chesney and pink live performance Effects of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic secretion were evaluated in seven dogs including two antrectomized dogs with chronic duodenal fistulas. Why might this condition be difficult to treat? The medication Pepcid that Mr. Volpe took for partial relief of his dyspepsia is called an H2 (histamine) receptor antagonist, or H2 blocker.
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