dispersed from Iberia after the Last Glacial Maximum, and had only come from Be a part of this 2,700 year effort to find this Lost Israelite Tribes using the power of genetics. A new genetic study of the Indian Jews proves that the community shares considerable genetic ancestry with todays Jews, leading researchers to conclude that they are, indeed, of Jewish origin. The Jews need to believe in the God of Israel and keep the Torah. Nevertheless, a belief persisted that one day the Ten Lost Tribes would be found. Trevor Parfitt mapped an audacious ancient Jewish . With this test, you will receive a precise ancient ethnicity estimate with far greater geographical details than you could imagine. The tests are linked to the Ancient Origins database that offers over 12,000 FREE articles and magazine articles. Would the geneticists have any way of tracing all that after all this time? The 'Bene Israel' is a Jewish community in western India whose origins are unknown. The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel have been considered lost for over 3,000 years, but recent evidence demonstrates that they were not lost, they had merely been scattered around the world and had assimilated into other cultures. Up until 2010, reading the DNA of ancient people was a dream. Breaking Israel News asked him how genetic testing affects this. Scholar Janet Moser writes: "There are certain facts that suggest that the Celts might have derived from a Jewish tradition from the East. We will have to see how the genetics research develops, but some skepticism seems appropriate. Manasseh was born with half Egyptian blood, but Judah had no Egyptian blood in him. First Ill say that I enjoyed reading this article, it was rather well thought out. jewsandjoes.comThese seem to leave the question of Israelite ancestry open though tentatively suggest that all YDNA P are from Ephraim. There is no independent support or substantiating evidence for any of these claims. These will lead the others who will keep their short legs. The study showed that the genetics of Bnei Israel resemble the local Indian populations, while at the same time constituting a clearly separated and unique population in India, the study stated. DNA kits that are fraudulently purchased and then resold through third party websites may contain too many inaccuracies that will render your test inaccurate. My thanks for the question and to Dr Avalos for his kind note. Is the DNA evidence against us being descendants of the lost tribes? Similarly we have at least two other websites working along similar lines as well as the Brit-Am one which also has articles on the subject. Not to do so is irresponsible and dangerous, as it takes no postmodern verbal trickery to see. With this test, you will receive a precise ancient ethnicity estimate with far greater geographical details than you could imagine. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Find out how related you are to the people of the. Logic! The Lemba, a black southern African tribe, claim Jewish ancestry. In case of doubtful or unclear Jewish ancestry, the applicant was required to undergo a formal conversion. Get 1 Basic DNA Test per month for a whole year, Get 1 Advanced DNA Test per month for a whole year, Get UNLIMITED Advanced DNA Tests , who arrived at a different region in India via China. Manasseh Tribe (11315-1015 BC), one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, before the Assyrian exile. Haplogroup I is found in Scandinavia, and in the Balkans. Interactive interface to discover your roots. Free Expert Lectures for a whole year. 730-720 BCE. (The capital of Israel was Samaria; the capital of Judah was Jerusalem.) There are approximately 50,000 Beni Israel in Israel today, though 5,000 still remain in India, mainly in Mumbai. Get UNLIMITED Advanced DNA Tests Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the Song of Deborah, the tribe is said to have stayed on their ships with their belongings. The study, published March 24th inPLOS ONE, concluded that the Bnei Israel did share much of their DNA with other Indians. To ensure the best experience and service, please purchase directly from our website. Cultural Updates When you send your DNA kit to us or upload your DNA file, we employ industry-standard security measures in every stage of our process, work to protect your data, and give you control over itwith data encryption, secure databases, and easy-to-use controls. Manasseh ben Israel (160457) used the legend of the lost tribes in pleading successfully for admission of Jews into England during Oliver Cromwells regime. The story as presented here, even more in the book than in the article I think, is a gentle parable of the conflict - hardly a conflict because the scientists aren't really interested - between scientific modernism and literary postmodernism. We reconstructed nine additional ancient people from Abel Beth Maacah, Ekron, Gibbethon, and Joppa. P includes a good portion of the world's population so they are being as Not Specific as possible. Rita OHare passes a mighty voice for justice is stilled, Irish womans poem of emigration will stir your heart, UPDATE: Alex Murdaugh sentenced to life in prison for murdering wife and son, WATCH: Irish bishop's funeral held in Los Angeles today, Liam Neeson, Michael D Higgins and Bono among voices featured on "Patrick Kavanagh Almost Everything'", Colin Farrell says Irish people have a strong "sense of civic duty". The test provides a detailed history of the Danites from prehistoric times, their haplogroup breakdown, and history of encounters with other people and summarizes the clues as to the whereabouts of the tribe after it was exiled by Assyrians. News. Ancient Origins - Were the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel Ever Lost? The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel: Naphtali Select a profile (DNA file) from the list: -- no profile selected -- Please upload a DNA autosomal file to purchase this test Test Type Basic Test ($29.99) Advanced Test ($49.99) Get FREE tests with a subscription. I have seen this in various countries throughout the world, he said. You are the sole owner of your DNA data. some became R1b, others J2, etc. Different opinions exist. 2015-2022 Stella Novus. The Bibles narratives record that God reckons tribal affiliation via their patrilineal linage through time. We obtained the DNA of seven ancient people from the southern territory of Dan and one ancient person from Dans northern location. As part of the kingdom of Israel, the territory of Dan was conquered by the Assyrians, and the Dan were exiled; the manner of their exile led to their further history being lost. God is Logic, specifically the formless/incorporeal Substance of Logic that all forms of Logic such as math or yes even science must be coherent with in order to be objectively logical. WARNING: We highly discourage the purchase of the DNA swabbing kit from unauthorized resellers. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The Very Recent Movement of YDNA R1b to Western Europe. Did you ever want to be part of a great story? I think he may be correct in considering I and J virtually the same and in attributing both of them to Semitic forebears. Simply download your DNA data from the company that genotyped your DNA and upload it here. DNA and the Jews. E1b1b1 is in fact a white version of E which is associated mainly with Africa but also extends into the Mediterranean region and southeast Europe. A long-held prophecy predicts that when the lost tribes are united in Israel, they will bring forth world peace. In 721 B.C., the Assyrians decimated the ten northern tribes because of . The anti-Christ is also said to be a member of the tribe of Dan. Then DNA sampling opened new vistas. As part of the Kingdom of Israel, the territory of Dan was conquered by the Assyrians, and the tribe exiled; the manner of their exile led to their further history being lost. Become a member What's included in Ancient DNA Origins? Alex and Georgina Perdomo associated with Batya Wootten and strongly partisan. You decide what you want to share and when. Again we have: Drs. In the case of Ashkenazic Jewry, 60 percent of the population can be traced back to four Jewish families that migrated to Europe from Israel. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The most celebrated Danite was Samson, who some suggest is derived from Danyen tribal legends. If you did not find the culture that you were looking for, check out the upcoming tests. The website also provides expert lectures, archeological expeditions, and the GPS Origins DNA test. see especially: Some Came Running! Those who fail to reckon properly and who lose track of the objective truth because of subjective biases will hide the truth from themselves. Cultural Updates The tests are linked to the Ancient Origins database that offers over 12,000 FREE articles and magazine articles. Together, this test includes sixteen people who lived between 11,300 and 1,015 BC, from Adam to King David. If the Bible account is anywhere near the literal truth there was a huge population transfer between the Israelite Kingdom and the other Assyrian dominions way back then, such that there must be many Israelite genes in Iraq and many genes from a mixed multitude in the area of the old Northern Kingdom, subject to much churning over intervening centuries. Your data will never be sold, licensed, or shared with any third parties without your explicit consent. century BCE. Soon after, most of the remaining community immigrated to Israel. The Cochin Jews have a history that is separate from the Bne Israel, as do the. The DNA of Judah and Manasseh at the very beginning would already have varied a lot. Before you can take a test and see your results, you must create an account and agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Statement. [6][7] #, Join the Brit-Am Ephraimite Discussion Group J.E. One theory holds they left northern Israel 2,000 years ago, another that they came from, , 500 years earlier, and yet another that they arrived from. We obtained the DNA of nine ancient people from the territory of Ephraim and reconstructed eleven additional ancient people from Shiloh, Bethoron, Gezer, and Bethel. The Ancient DNA Origins DNA test provides powerful, innovative, and interactive DNA-based tools to help you find your ancient ancestors, trace your prehistorical lineages, and determine your ancient tribal origins. They were quite powerful with a far-reaching influence and well-developed civilization. I bet he too has Y(male-transmitted) DNA haplogroup I, or J2 ! There are a lot of variables in DNA assumptions that could skew outcomes of modern DNA testing, in my judgment. He warned that, as the question of Jewish identity is already a matter of fierce debate in rabbinic courts, the genetic factor and its implications must be discussed among religious leaders. Meet the people of the Gad tribe - Their Story can be Your Story. Be a part of this 2,700 years effort to find this Lost Israelite Tribe using the power of genetics. certain types of migrating frogs on the move suddenly breed a select group of larger specimens with longer legs. The descendants of Israel (the man once known as Jacob) can today be identified in the White Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Germanic and Nordic nations of America, Ca. The genetic abnormalities that lead to a group of genetic diseases affecting the muscles of the body called inclusion body myopathies are located on chromosome 9 in both Afghani and Iraqi Jewish patients, while non-Jewish patients have a different genetic abnormality associated with this disease. The people who fought with Judge Deborah and gossiped about King David? It is possible that the community had been there for much longer; Maimonides, a preeminent medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher, briefly mentioned a Jewish community living in India in a letter he wrote in the 13, After Israel became a state in 1948, 2,300 of Indias 20,000 Jews arrived in Israel. You can pay per test or buy a subscription. Home With DNA Tests, Mystery of the Lost Tribe of Indian Jews Finally Solved. DepartmentBldg Tucson, AZ 85721 TEL 520-621-6897 FAX 520-626-9014. Cultural Updates Together, this test includes people who lived between 4,050 and 929 BC, in the times of Noah, Moses, Deborah, and King David. Some textual scholars regard the census as being from the Priestly Source, dating it to around the 7th century BC. This is only a theory of ours based on general impressions but I feel certain that somewhere there are scientists who already have reached similar conclusions and who will be able to propose a more scientifically acceptable formulation along with the necessary recorded phenomena. They also discovered that there were more men in the group of the original Jews. Brit-Am and Secular Disciplines Since then, the DNA of a Neanderthal who lived over 30,000 years ago has been sequenced. All Rights Reserved. Following the conquest of the northern kingdom by the Assyrians in 721 bc, the 10 tribes were gradually assimilated by other peoples and thus disappeared from history. With the Diamond subscription, you can order all the tests for less than $15 per test. In 1962, Israels Chief Rabbi, Yitzchak Nissim, ruled that the lineage of Indian applicants for marriage licenses would be closely inspected. The test includes a detailed historical, archeological, and paleogenetic background on the ancient Danites, including how they lived, their cultic practices and mysticism, how they treated others, and their deeds. Irelands most popular baby names of 2022 - by county! Joseph then married Asenath, an Egyptian princess (Genesis 41:45-50, 46:20), and then Joseph fathered Manasseh via Asenath (Genesis 41:45-51). According to the Book of Joshua, the Tribe of Manasseh was assigned the largest territory in central Israel, along both banks of the Jordan River. According to the Book of Joshua, the Tribe of Dan was assigned the southern coastalterritory; however, they relocated to the north following the invasion of the Philistines. Eretz Israel map in Amsterdam Haggada by Abraham Bar-Jacob (1695) (Public Domain). Once the effects take place the changes are more or less fixed and transmitted through heredity. Seeking The Ten Lost Tribes Of Israel, Finding DNA. When a valued item is missing, one is generally directed back to the last place it was seen. Just Send an e-mail The Shuffling of the Twelve Tribes of IsraelThey seem to say that YDNA E1b1b1 (formerly known as E3b1) is the real Israelite YDNA. According to the Hebrew Bible, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes after about 1200 BC, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. DNA and its Relevance to Brit-Am Lost Ten Tribes Studies We know little about it. The "KHAZARS" were a semi-nomadic people who became prominent in southern Russia and its neighborhood in the 600s to 900s CE. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Perhaps that indicates rapid loss of genetic identity? Again we have: Drs. Advanced test includes 20 tribal members. Advanced test includes 16 tribal members. Many of them married local women. The dominant tribe of Israel that originally was used by God to found America was the tribe of Manasseh (as documented in my books ). We also have a few articles on the subject, See: Brit-Am DNA articles. Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to Genesis 49:16 referencing Dan judging his people. A later version portrayed them as descendants of a tribe of Central Asian Jewish converts to Nestorian Christianity.Some versions of the theory applied to the . The principles still apply and when people who claim to be a part of the missing tribe are traced and their assertions can now be verified by DNA. {amount} donation plus {fee_amount} to help cover fees. What are your thoughts? The Ancient DNA Origins DNA test is the first next-generation DNA test. University of Pennsylvania (1) Males On the one hand we are the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. What is known is that at least as far back as the 18th century, Bnei Israel members lived in villages along the Konkan coast and were called Shanivar Teli, Marathi for Saturday oil pressers, since they worked as oil pressers but did not work on Saturdays. They were named Asher, Dan, Ephraim, Gad, Issachar, Manasseh, Naphtali, Reuben, Simeon, and Zebulun all sons or grandsons of Jacob. Click to reveal It can be proved that the legends are more than just a desire to belong to a mighty nation. In other cases it does lead them on a transformative religious journey.. Tudor Parfitt, the protagonist of the NOVA documentary "Lost Tribes of Israel," made a journey through southern Africa to study . DNA kits that are fraudulently purchased and then resold through third party websites may contain too many inaccuracies that will render your test inaccurate. No individual may be particularly responsible, as things move from the gentle buzz of laboratory computers to the excitement of the press release, for Public Broadcasting Service - Ten Lost Tribes, Bible Odyssey - The Lost Tribes of Israel, ANU Museum of the Jewish People - The Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes, Ten Lost Tribes of Israel - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Soon after the Celtic tribe appeared in Europe leading to speculation that the Celts were the tribe of Dan. Contents: When the Bnei Israel first came to Israel from India in 1952, little was known about their history, and their connection to the Jewish people was rejected by the Chief Rabbi of Israel. The modern Jews are the modern tribe of Judah (see my article, Four Reasons the Jews are Judah). The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel: Issachar Select a profile (DNA file) from the list: -- no profile selected -- Please upload a DNA autosomal file to purchase this test Test Type Basic Test ($29.99) Advanced Test ($49.99) Get FREE tests with a subscription. , concluded that the Bnei Israel did share much of their DNA with other Indians. Do not to be led astray by your own heart but to reason with The One True God, the one who said I will be what I will be (Logic) for answers and true knowledge of good and evil. With the Diamond subscription, you can order all the tests for less than $15 per test. Manasseh descended from an original union of Jacob and Rachel who gave birth to Joseph ( Genesis 30:22-24 ). The researchers concluded that the original ancestors, Middle Eastern Jews, arrived in India about 19 to 33 generations ago (600 to 1,000 years). Concerning Brit-Am/Hebrew Nations Yair Davidiy personally has an Irish-Scottish (R-M222 descendants of Nial) version of R1b so I cannot agree with either of the above two opinions. August 2017. Thank you very much for this article. Since then, the DNA of a Neanderthal who lived over 30,000 years ago has been sequenced. Judah was Manassehs uncle (or would it be half-uncle as Judah and Joseph had different mothers?). We continue to update our tests. You will get a discount if you pre-order the test now. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (Joshua 19:40-48). One half of each pair comes . I realize modern Jews trace lineage via a matrilineal line, and I have no idea where that tradition replaced the biblical record of patrilineal tribal lineages in the Bible. The Case for Exonerating King David The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel: Manasseh Select a profile (DNA file) from the list: -- no profile selected -- Please upload a DNA autosomal file to purchase this test Test Type Basic Test ($29.99) Advanced Test ($49.99) Get FREE tests with a subscription. After that reading, the DNA of ancient people who lived from 15,000 BC to 1,800 AD all over the world became the main object of paleogenomic research. The Ancient Celts and related peoples referred to themselves as Hebrews.The inhabitants of Britain pertained mainly to clans belonging to Joseph. Basic test includes 5 tribal members. The dominant tribe of Israel that originally was used by God to found America was the tribe of Manasseh (as documented in my books). The history of the Bnei Israel is shrouded in mystery. A variant of this idea was that there may have been two Their system can be traced to about 1800 B.C, In 'The Psalter of Cashel' an ancient text written by Saint Cormac it states that: 'The Tuatha de Danaan' ruled in Ireland for about two centuries, and were highly skilled in architecture and other arts from their long residence in Greece. It may therefore be used to show tentative relationships between peoples and their inter-relationships. You can delete your DNA and account at any time and no cost. Some tales of the "Celts" exposed by the science of DNA, Where the Celts come from and have lived for 3,000 years, How you can learn Gaelic literature and culture online with a top Irish university, The story behind Ireland's favorite song, The Cranberries "Zombie", How the Irish (and Welsh) invented romantic love. It was never a strong point with us. After Solomon died, the kingdom did split, being divided between the ten northern tribes, called the kingdom of Israel, and the two southern tribes, Judah and Benjamin, called the kingdom of Judah. The tests build on Ancient Origins professionals trusted by millions worldwide. There was evidently much use of latest techniques, which implies an excellent funding stream, which is always in all contexts a well-known source of unbalanced or It is designed solely using the DNA of ancient people throughout history using our novel technologies. No-one really knows for sure though to some degree in limited contexts DNA could shed light on the movements of peoples. No. It may have to do with the extreme variations in the racial and ethnic makeup of the Jews because they existed over the millennia without a nation and were mixed with the DNA of all kinds of nations. Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville. The study was conducted by. Following the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel in 1050 BC, the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. The Ancient DNA Origins DNA test provides powerful, innovative, and interactive DNA-based tools to help you find your ancient ancestors, trace your prehistorical lineages, and determine your ancient tribal origins. This fundamental prophecy, made by the prophet Ezekiel, is one of the main reasons for the interest in the mystery of the lost tribes and the reason it became central to all Abrahamic religions. See Also:The Origin of the Jews: The Quest for Roots in a Rootless Age(Princeton University Pres, 2017), By Steven Weitzman The tests build on Ancient Origins professionals trusted by millions worldwide. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. from Iberia. The descendants of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin have survived as Jews because they were allowed to return to their homeland after the Babylonian Exile of 586 bc. Since people of very different races and ethnic groups dominated ancient regions at different times in history, are they comparing modern DNA blood sample to the more-recent DNA blood types of people who live in those regions now or are they comparing it to the DNA found in the graves of the ancient inhabitants from other racial groups that originally lived in those regions in ancient times? This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. (2) Females [4] However, more recently it has become more widely accepted that It seems that after a few centuries there were no political or religious groups in Iraq and suchlike, not even families, claiming Lost Tribe status. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ten-Lost-Tribes-of-Israel. However, a new genetic study has justified their claims, opening up new possibilities that one of the Lost Tribes of Israel has been found. Chosen People The region of Samaria, on the other hand, was larger and more populous. It is possible that the community had been there for much longer; Maimonides, a preeminent medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher, briefly mentioned a Jewish community living in India in a letter he wrote in the 13th century. Most anthropologists theorize that the Native Americans are descended from Siberian Mongolians who migrated to North America via the Bering Strait, a 50-mile-wide gap that separates Alaska from Russia. Theories about the origins of the Bnei Israel vary greatly. by admin | Sep 25, 2016 | Questions and Answers. You will get a discount if you pre-order the test now. The Celtic body of ecclesiastical and civil knowledge was Druidism. You can delete your DNA and account at any time and no cost. assists communities like the Bnei Israel who claim a historic connection with Israel. YDNA P is a general group encompassing numerous sub-groups. (1) Males News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. Your privacy is our top priority. How the British and Americans Proved they Descend from Joseph and the Ten Tribes of Israel. Conquered by the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, they were exiled to upper Mesopotamia and Medes,. However, a new. Before you can take a test and see your results, you must create an account and agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Statement. After 30 centuries, you can reconnect with your Biblical ancestors at a deeper level than ever imagined. Think how varied that made the DNA of the tribe of Judah throughout subsequent centuries, and how divergent it became from the DNA of the other tribes of Israel. #2 - Dr. Hector Avalos - 08/24/2017 - 19:02. The two (I and J) are closely related. Your IP: served as an observatory - much like, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Weale-HG-01-Armenia.pdf, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)#Origins, http://www.britam.org/now2/1450Now.html#Setting, found in hunter gatherer populations does not exist in the modern population ##, population is different from both the hunter gather population and the modern STORY AND A REASSESSMENT OF THE DNA EVIDENCE, BAMAD, Brit-Am No central government existed, and in times of crisis, the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges. Results. Please read our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Did they reappear as the Tuatha De Dannan or later the Celts? has justified their claims, opening up new possibilities that one of the Lost Tribes of Israel has been found. This leap forward in technology allowed the creation of a new type of DNA test tests that do not use modern-day populations as stand-ins for the ancient tribes but rather go right to the source and study these ancient peoples themselves. Australia's Enigmatic Boab Tree Seeding The Out-Of-Australia-Theory. The truth is lost in the mists of time. Become a member What's included in Ancient DNA Origins? See our Conclusion below. I find DNA-tracing to be interesting, but not determinative. YDNA P is a general group encompassing numerous sub-groups. The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel have been considered lost for over 3,000 years, but recent evidence demonstrates that they were not lost, they had merely been scattered around the world and had assimilated into other cultures. Think how their DNA has diverged over the approximately 37 centuries since they were born! Also, it is vital to recall that God does not even consider DNA when reckoning what tribe a person belongs to. Detail Even at the very beginning of the two tribes of Judah and Manasseh, they already had very different DNA content even though they were descended from the same man. You will make new connections with historical people and places where your ancestors lived, walked, battled, created, and dreamed thousands of years ago. Manasseh descended from an original union of Jacob and Rachel who gave birth to Joseph (Genesis 30:22-24). After 30 centuries, you can reconnect with your Biblical ancestors at a deeper level than ever imagined. Compare your results with over 50 worldwide ancient and modern populations. Line, http://www.britam.org/Questions/mtDNA.html, http://www.britam.org/DNA/YDNAreverse.html, seems to have also Cultural Updates Interactive interface to discover your roots. I was wondering if the only place to look for the Lost Tribes is among the modern Samaritans. Your privacy is our top priority. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Here is a link to a related sermon: Lost tribes, the Bible, and DNA. Those who are interested in the subject will learn something by considering all the different points of view. Select a profile (DNA file) from the list: Please upload a DNA autosomal file to purchase this test. The Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory (, Nichiyu Dsoron) is a fringe theory that appeared in the 17th century as a hypothesis which claimed the Japanese people were the main part of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. You make a very persuasive case for being cautious in these genetic matters. with "Subscribe" in the Subject The Shuffling of the Twelve Tribes of Israel Once you know the beginning of the chain (Logic) and the end (you) you can again keep reckoning with Logic, properly, honestly and objectively (aka in good faith) and find whichever other intermediate ancestors you may desire to know more about. When a valued item is missing, one is generally directed back to the last place it was seen.
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